Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Virtual clinic

man
brain

Max is a 25-year-old man who works in mid-level management at a successful marketing firm.


Max was diagnosed with a mild major depressive episode (MDE) three years ago when he presented to his general practitioner (GP) with depressed mood, insomnia, fatigue, diminished ability to think or concentrate, and persistent feelings of worthlessness. He reported that his symptoms began after he unexpectedly lost his job. At that time, his GP administered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Max’s score was 9, indicating mild depression severity.1 After ruling out somatic illness that might cause depressive symptoms and investigating possible psychosocial stressors, the physician suggested that Max undergo 12 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). After treatment, the only symptom was mild depressed mood some days (PHQ-9 score of 1), indicating clinical remission of the MDE.


One year ago, Max again presented to his GP with depressed mood, anhedonia, insomnia, fatigue, diminished ability to think or concentrate, and persistent feelings of worthlessness. These symptoms had been present for 12 months without improvement despite Max re-initiating CBT with his earlier therapist. The therapist suggested that Max consider pharmacologic treatment because he was having extreme difficulties with his job and was on probation at work. At that time, Max’s score on the PHQ-9 was 21, indicating a severe MDE. He told his GP that he found it increasingly difficult to complete tasks at work and at home, and he reported being uninterested in and too fatigued to socialise or pursue hobbies. He also reported experiencing panic attacks several times per month for the past two months.


The physician asked Max about his psychosocial situation, and Max could not think of any triggering situation or factor for his depression and panic attacks. Max reported being in a stable, long-term relationship that he found supportive. His employment situation was steady, and there were no unusual psychosocial stressors present. Again, the physician investigated possible somatic causes of depressive symptoms and panic attacks but found nothing remarkable. The physician diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder, and he suggested that Max continue CBT and begin treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Max agreed.


After four weeks of treatment at the lowest recommended dose, Max continued to experience a severe MDE with a PHQ-9 score of 22. He continued to experience panic attacks. The physician discussed adherence and possible side effects with Max. He noted that he had some mild nausea and diarrhoea, but that these had improved over time. Max confirmed that he was taking his medication as prescribed. The physician optimised the dose of the SSRI to the maximum recommended dose; however, at Week 8 of treatment, there was no response.


Given the lack of response, the GP suggested switching from the SSRI to a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) using a cross-tapering strategy. Max agreed. After the cross taper was completed, Max reported that he experienced fatigue and nausea, but that these were manageable. After four weeks of treatment at the standard dose of the SNRI, Max’s PHQ-9 score was 21, indicating a continued severe MDE and no response to the SNRI. The physician optimised the dose of the SNRI to the maximum recommended dose. After four additional weeks of treatment at the maximum recommended dose, there was no response (PHQ-9 score of 21) and Max continued to experience panic attacks.


Given that Max’s MDD has failed to respond to two adequate trials of antidepressant treatment, the GP diagnosed Max with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). With this diagnosis and the co-morbid panic disorder, he decides to refer Max to your psychiatric clinic for higher-level care.


In this virtual clinic activity, a renowned thought leader addresses the optimal therapeutic approaches to the management of this MDD patient. This case study have been developed with the assistance of Univ.Prof.Dr.h.c. mult..Dr.med. Siegfried Kasper, Professor of Psychiatry and Head of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Supported by an independent educational grant from Janssen Pharmaceutica NV.

Target Audience

This activity is intended for the psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, primary care physicians and other healthcare professionals practising in Europe.

Objectives

Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

  • Summarize the benefits of using validated rating scales and staging tools in the recognition and assessment of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) over clinical impression alone.
  • Describe the recommended timing for use of validated rating scales and staging tools in the management of patients with TRD.
  • Practice using validated rating scales and staging tools to manage a simulated patient case with TRD.
  • Compare and contrast the strategies of pharmacological augmentation, oral antidepressant switching, and/or oral antidepressant combination therapy in patients with TRD.
  • Summarize the indications, efficacy and safety profiles, and potential barriers to access for the somatic treatment options ECT, rTMS, and VNS in patients with TRD.
  • Apply guideline recommendations to the treatment of a simulated patient with TRD.
  • Describe the mechanism of action of the newly approved antidepressant agent esketamine and of novel antidepressant agents in phase 2/3 development.
  • Summarize the safety and efficacy data, mode of administration, and indication (as applicable) for esketamine and novel antidepressant agents in phase 2/3 development.
  • Decide whether or not to treat using novel agents in a simulated patient case scenario for TRD.

Disclaimer

The educational activity presented involves simulated, case-based scenarios. The patients depicted in these scenarios are fictitious and no association with any actual patient, whether living or deceased, is intended or should be inferred. The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of SEI Healthcare, or any individuals or commercial entities that support companies that support educational programming on med-sims.org. These materials may include discussion of therapeutic products that have not been approved by the European Medicines Agency, off-label uses of approved products, or data that were presented in abstract form. These data should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal. Readers should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this or any educational activity. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed herein.

Faculty:

docent

Siegfried Kasper, MD

Professor of Psychiatry and Head of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Financial disclosure

Disclosure: Siegfried Kasper, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

  • Received grants/research support, consulting fees and/or honoraria within the last three years from Angelini Pharma, APO Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Celgene GmBH, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmBH, Lundbeck A/S, Mundipharma, Neuraxpharm, Pfizer, Sage, Schwabe, Servier, Shire, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd and Takeda.
  • Owns stock, stock options, or bonds from: None.

Accreditation Statement

The European Accreditation Committee in CNS (EACIC) has granted 1 CME credit to the interactive patient simulation: Major depressive disorder (on www.Med-sims.org, with the financial support of Lundbeck). To obtain your CME credits, complete the evaluation form at www.eacic.eu. To receive a certificate of CME credits, please complete the evaluation form on the EACIC website, www.eacic.eu.

Expiration Dates

The deadline to complete the evaluation form is 31 December 2019.